Sydney (pronounced /ˈsɪdni/^[4]) is the largest and most populous Statistical Divisions are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as areas under the unifying influence of one or more major towns or cities. Each capital city forms its own Statistical Division, and in Australia the population of the SD is the most-often quoted figure for that city's population. Statistical Districts are defined as non- city in Australia For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of the roughly 250 language groups. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north and discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by the British and the state capital There are eight capital cities in Australia, all of which function at a sub-national level. Canberra also serves as the national capital. Melbourne was the national capital from the Federation of Australia in 1901 until 1927, when the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra of New South Wales New South Wales , Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. It was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea The Tasman Sea is the large body of water between Australia and New Zealand, approximately 2000 kilometres across. It extends 2800 km (approx.) from north to south. It is a south-western segment of the South Pacific Ocean. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, the first recorded European to encounter New Zealand and. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest municipality in Oceania Oceania is a geographical, and often geopolitical, region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. The term "Oceania" was coined in 1831 by French explorer Dumont d'Urville.[dubious – discuss] The term is also sometimes used to denote a continent comprising Australia Continent and proximate.^[5] Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all kinds of human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. This is contrasted with communitarian and particularistic theories, especially the ideas of patriotism and nationalism.[citation needed] Cosmopolitanism may entail some sort of world government or it may simply refer to and international Something international mostly means that it involves more than one nation (country). The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally reaching beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country over the world, and population of people from many places around the world.^[6]

The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established^[7] in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip Admiral Arthur Phillip RN was a British admiral and colonial administrator. Phillip was appointed Governor of New South Wales, the first European colony on the Australian continent, and was the founder of the site which is now the city of Sydney, commodore of the First Fleet First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on 13 May 1787 with about 1,487 people to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. It was a convict settlement, marking the beginnings of transportation to Australia. The fleet was led by Captain Arthur Phillip. The ships arrived at Botany Bay between 18 as a penal colony. The city is built on hills surrounding Port Jackson Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the natural harbour of Sydney, Australia. It is known for its beauty, and in particular, as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, the Harbour has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was conceived and largely built by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, who, in 2003, received the Pritzker Prize, architecture's highest honour. The citation stated: and the Harbour Bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a steel arch bridge across Sydney Harbour that carries rail, vehicular and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district and the North Shore. The dramatic view of the bridge, the harbour, and the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of both Sydney and Australia. The bridge is locally nicknamed are featured prominently. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks A national park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by a government, set aside for human recreation and enjoyment, animal and environmental protection and restricted from most development. While ideas for national parks had been suggested previously, what is held to be the first one established was the United States', and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach. Within the city are many notable parks, including Hyde Park Hyde Park is a large park in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Hyde Park is on the eastern side of the Sydney central business district. It is the southernmost of a chain of parkland that extends north to the shore of Port Jackson . It takes the form of an approximate rectangle, being squared at the southern end and rounded at the northern end, and Royal Botanical Gardens.

Sydney is classified as an Alpha World City+ A global city is a city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global according to the Loughborough University Loughborough University is a campus university located in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands of England group data inventory of GaWC research,^[8] which reflects its reputation as an international centre for commerce Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer OR commerce is the exchange of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption to satisfy human wants. It comprises the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services,, arts, fashion Fashion, a general term for the style and custom prevalent at a given time, in its most common usage refers to costume or clothing style. The more technical term, costume, has become so linked in the public eye with the term "fashion" that the more general term "costume" has in popular use mostly been relegated to special, culture, entertainment Entertainment consists of any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Active forms of amusement, such as recreations or sports, are more often considered to be recreation. Activities such as personal reading or practicing, music Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses.", education Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another and tourism Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity. Sydney has hosted major international sporting events, including the 1938 British Empire Games The 1938 British Empire Games was the third British Empire Games, the Commonwealth Games being the modern-day equivalent. Held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia from February 5-12 1938, they were timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary . Venues included the Sydney Cricket Ground (the main stadium), the Sydney Sports Ground, North, the 2000 Summer Olympics The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games or the Millennium Games/Games of the New Millennium, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated between 16 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in the, and the final match of the 2003 Rugby World Cup The 2003 Rugby World Cup was the fifth Rugby World Cup and was won by England. Originally planned to be co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, all games were shifted to Australia following a contractual dispute over ground signage rights between the New Zealand Rugby Football Union and Rugby World Cup Limited. The pre-event favourites were. The main airport serving Sydney is Sydney Airport Sydney Airport (IATA: SYD, ICAO: YSSY) is located in the suburb of Mascot in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is the major airport serving Sydney, and is a major hub for Qantas.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Urban structure 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Culture 6.1 Entertainment and performing arts 6.2 Tourism 6.3 Sport and outdoor activities 6.4 Media 7 Government 8 Education 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Health systems 9.2 Transport 9.3 Utilities 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

History

Main article: History of Sydney

Radio carbon dating suggests that the Sydney region has been inhabited by indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands, and these peoples' descendants. Indigenous Australians are distinguished as either Aboriginal people or Torres Strait Islanders, who currently together make up about 2.7% of Australia's population for at least 30,000 years.^[9] The traditional Indigenous inhabitants of Sydney Cove are the Cadigal people, whose land once stretched from south of Port Jackson to Petersham.^[10] While estimates of the population numbers prior to the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 remains contentious, approximately 4,000–8,000 Aboriginal people lived in the Sydney region prior to contact with British settlers. The British called the Indigenous people the "Eora The traditional owners of the inner Sydney City region of Australia are the Cadigal people, one of the peoples who belong to the Eora language group. Their land south of Port Jackson stretches from South Head to Petersham. The word Eora simply means "here" or "from this place". Local people used this word to describe where they",^[11] because being asked where they came from, these people would answer: "Eora", meaning "here", or "from this place" in their language.^[10] There were three language groups in the Sydney region, which were divided into dialects spoken by smaller clans. The principal languages were Darug (the Cadigal, original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug), Dharawal and Guringai. Each clan had a territory, the location of said territory determined the resources available. Although urbanisation has destroyed much evidence of these settlements (such as shell middens A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap , is a dump for domestic waste. The word is of Scandinavian via Middle English derivation, but is used by archaeologists worldwide to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life. They may be convenient, single-use pits created by nomadic groups), a number of Sydney rock engravings, carvings and rock art In addition, petroforms and inukshuks are rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones. The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground remain visible in the Hawkesbury sandstone of the Sydney basin.^[12]

Artwork depicting the first contact between the Gweagal Aborigines and Captain James Cook on the shores of the Kurnell Peninsula Sydney circa 1828, looking north over Hyde Park Hyde Park is a large park in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Hyde Park is on the eastern side of the Sydney central business district. It is the southernmost of a chain of parkland that extends north to the shore of Port Jackson . It takes the form of an approximate rectangle, being squared at the southern end and rounded at the northern end, towards the harbour Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the natural harbour of Sydney, Australia. It is known for its beauty, and in particular, as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, the Harbour has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney

In 1770, British sea Captain Lieutenant James Cook Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. Cook was the first to map Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as landed in Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. The Cooks River and the Georges River are the two major tributaries that flow into the bay. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. It is here that Cook made first contact with an Aboriginal community known as the Gweagal.^[13] Under instruction from the British government, a convict settlement A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general populace by locating them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners was founded by Arthur Phillip, who arrived at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. The Cooks River and the Georges River are the two major tributaries that flow into the bay. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay with a fleet of 11 ships First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on 13 May 1787 with about 1,487 people to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. It was a convict settlement, marking the beginnings of transportation to Australia. The fleet was led by Captain Arthur Phillip. The ships arrived at Botany Bay between 18 on 18 January 1788. This site was soon determined to be unsuitable for habitation, owing to poor soil and a lack of reliable fresh water. Phillip subsequently founded the colony one inlet further up the coast, at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. He named it after the British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, in recognition of Sydney's role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony. The original name was intended to be Albion until Phillip decided upon Sydney.^[14]

The International Exhibition of 1879 The Domain is 34 hectares of open space in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the eastern edge of the Sydney central business district, near Woolloomooloo. The Domain adjoins the Royal Botanic Gardens and is managed by the Royal Botanic Gardens Trust, a division of the New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change at the Garden Palace

In April 1789 a disease, thought to be smallpox Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple". The term "smallpox" was first used in Europe, killed an estimated 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people between Broken Bay and Botany Bay.^[11] There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior Pemulwuy Pemulwuy was born around 1750 and was an Indigenous Australian man who was born in the area of Botany Bay in New South Wales. He is noted for his resistance to the European settlement of Australia which began with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. He is believed to have been a member of the Bidjigal clan of the Eora people in the area around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the Hawkesbury River The Hawkesbury River, also known as Deerubbun, is one of the major rivers of the coastal region of New South Wales, Australia. The Hawkesbury River and its tributaries virtually encircle the metropolitan region of Sydney. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and Governor Macquarie Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB , was a British military officer and colonial administrator. He served as the last autocratic Governor of New South Wales, Australia from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social, economic and architectural development of the colony. He is considered by some historians to have had a crucial influence on had begun initiatives to 'civilise, Christianise and educate' the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.^[11] Macquarie's tenure as Governor of New South Wales Aside from the Body Politic of the Crown , the office of Governor of New South Wales is the oldest constitutional office in Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip assumed office as Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788, when the Colony of New South Wales, the first British settlement in Australia, was formally founded. The early colonial was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by British and Irish convicts During the late 18th and 19th centuries, large numbers of convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government. One of the primary reasons for the British settlement of Australia was the establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on their overburdened correctional facilities. Over the 80 years, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from Britain and Ireland with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. On 20 July 1842 the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in Australia, with John Hosking the first elected mayor.^[15] The first of several Australian gold rushes The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hammond Hargraves claimed the discovery of payable gold near Bathurst, New South Wales, at a site Edward Hargraves called Ophir. Six months later, gold was found in Victoria at Warrandyte and Ballarat, and a short time later at Bendigo Creek. Gold was later found in all of the other started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world.

Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population of more than a million. The Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, and is used hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression era, however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.^[16] There has traditionally been a rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne since the gold rushes of the 1850s made the capital of Victoria Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across the Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with over 70% of Victorians Australia's largest and richest city.^[17] Sydney overtook Melbourne in population in the early years of the 20th century,^[18] and has remained the largest city in Australia since this time. During the 1970s and 1980s Sydney's CBD with the Reserve Bank The Reserve Bank of Australia came into being on 14 January 1960 as Australia's central bank and banknote issuing authority, when the Reserve Bank Act 1959 removed the central banking functions from the Commonwealth Bank to it and Australian Stock Exchange clearly surpassed Melbourne as the nation's financial capital.^[19] Throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following World War II, Sydney continued to expand as large numbers of European and later Asian immigrants populated the metropolitan area.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Sydney Image of Sydney taken by NASA Terra Terra is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth. It is the flagship of the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite. The city centre is about a quarter of the way in on the south shore of the upper inlet, the Parramatta River, directly south of the Sydney Harbour Bridge

Topography

Sydney's urban area is in a coastal basin, which is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the East, the Blue Mountains to the West, the Hawkesbury River to the North and the Royal National Park to the South. It lies on a submergent coastline, where the ocean level has risen to flood deep river valleys (ria) carved in the hawkesbury sandstone. Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such ria and is the largest natural harbour in the world.^[20] The Sydney area is not affected by significant earthquakes.

The urban area has around 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach. Sydney's urban area covers 1,687 km² (651 sq mi) as at 2001.^[21] The Sydney Statistical Division, used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan area^[22] and covers 12,145 km² (4,689 sq mi).^[23] This area includes the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains, and national parks and other unurbanised land.

Geographically, Sydney lies over two regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour and dissected by steep valleys. The parts of the city with the oldest European development are located in the flat areas south of the harbour. The North Shore was slower to develop because of its hilly topography and lack of access across the harbour. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932 and linked the North Shore to the rest of the city.^[24]

Climate

Further information: Climate of Sydney, New South Wales

Sydney has a temperate climate with warm summers and cool winters, and rainfall spread throughout the year.^[25] The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range at Observatory Hill of 18.6–25.8 °C (65–78 °F). An average of 14.6 days a year have temperatures of more than 30 °C (86.0 °F). The maximum recorded temperature was 45.3 °C (113.5 °F) on 14 January 1939 at the end of a four-day heatwave across Australia.^[26]

In winter, temperatures rarely drop below 5 °C (41 °F) in coastal areas. The coldest month is July, with an average range of 8.0–16.2 °C (46–61 °F). The lowest recorded minimum at Observatory Hill was 2.1 °C (35.8 °F).

Rainfall is fairly evenly spread through the year, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate.^{[citation needed]} The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1,217 mm (48 in), falling on an average 138 days a year.^[27] Snowfall was last reported in the Sydney City area in 1836.^[28] However, a July 2008 fall of graupel, or soft hail, mistaken by many for snow, has raised the possibility that the 1836 event was not snow, either.^[29]

Bondi Beach in Sydney's east.

The city is not affected by cyclones. The El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2001–02 — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. One such storm was the 1999 hailstorm, which severely damaged Sydney's eastern and city suburbs. The storm produced massive hailstones of at least 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and resulting in insurance losses of around A$1.7 billion in less than five hours.^[30]

The city is prone to flash flooding from rain caused by East Coast Lows (a low pressure depression which can bring significant damage by heavy rain, cyclonic winds and huge swells). The most notable event was the great Sydney flood which occurred on 6 August 1986 and dumped a record 327.6 mm (12.9 in) on the city in 24 hours. This caused major traffic problems and damage in many parts of the metropolitan area.^[31]

The Bureau of Meteorology has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 saw an average daily maximum temperature of 23.39 °C, 2005 of 23.35 °C, 2002 of 22.91 °C, and 2003 of 22.65 °C. The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was 21.6 °C (70.9 °F). For the first nine months of 2006 the mean temperature was 18.41 °C (65.1 °F); the warmest year previously was 2004 with 18.51 °C (65.32 °F). Since November 2003, there have been only two months in which the average daily maximum was below average: March 2005 (about 1 °C below average)^[32] and June 2006 (0.7 °C below average).^[33]

The summer of 2007–08 proved to be one of the coolest on record. The Bureau of Meteorology reported that it was the coolest summer in 11 years, the wettest summer in six years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above 31 °C (88 °F).^[34]

During 2009, Sydney experienced warm winter days, dry gusty winds and the most notable phenomena was the dust storm in September, which blew in from the Australian outback and blanketed Sydney in a layer of orange dust. It was the worst dust storm in 70 years^[35][36] The average annual daytime temperature at Observatory Hill was 22.9 °C (73.2 °F), which was 0.9 °C above the historical annual average. This ranks as 7th highest annual average maximum temperature since records commenced in 1859. During the year, average night-time temperatures at Sydney Observatory Hill were at 15.1 °C (59.2 °F), which was 1.2 °C above the historical average.^[37]

On the first weeks of February 2010, Sydney received some of the highest rainfalls in years, which caused flash flooding and traffic chaos. On 4 February, some suburbs in the North Shore region recorded their heaviest rain in 20 years. On 12 and 13 February, some suburbs were hit by thunderstorms which brought heavy rain and gusty winds which cut out power and damaged homes.^[38][39] On 13 February, Sydney experienced one of the highest rainfall of the last decade with 65 millimetres (2.6 in) of rain falling in one night at Observatory Hill.^[40] The heavy rain was caused by remnants of ex-tropical Cyclone Olga and humid north-easterly winds feeding into the low pressure trough.^[41][42]

Climate data for Sydney
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	45.3 (113.5)	42.1 (107.8)	39.8 (103.6)	33.9 (93)	30.0 (86)	26.9 (80.4)	25.9 (78.6)	31.3 (88.3)	34.6 (94.3)	38.2 (100.8)	41.8 (107.2)	42.2 (108)	45.3 (113.5)
Average high °C (°F)	25.9 (78.6)	25.7 (78.3)	24.7 (76.5)	22.4 (72.3)	19.4 (66.9)	16.9 (62.4)	16.3 (61.3)	17.8 (64)	19.9 (67.8)	22.1 (71.8)	23.6 (74.5)	25.2 (77.4)	21.7 (71.1)
Average low °C (°F)	18.7 (65.7)	18.8 (65.8)	17.5 (63.5)	14.7 (58.5)	11.5 (52.7)	9.3 (48.7)	8.0 (46.4)	8.9 (48)	11.0 (51.8)	13.5 (56.3)	15.6 (60.1)	17.5 (63.5)	13.8 (56.8)
Record low °C (°F)	10.6 (51.1)	9.6 (49.3)	9.3 (48.7)	7.0 (44.6)	4.4 (39.9)	2.1 (35.8)	2.2 (36)	2.7 (36.9)	4.9 (40.8)	5.7 (42.3)	7.7 (45.9)	9.1 (48.4)	2.1 (35.8)
Precipitation mm (inches)	102.0 (4.016)	117.9 (4.642)	129.4 (5.094)	126.4 (4.976)	120.7 (4.752)	130.6 (5.142)	97.3 (3.831)	81.2 (3.197)	69.1 (2.72)	77.6 (3.055)	83.1 (3.272)	77.9 (3.067)	1,212.5 (47.736)
% Humidity	62	64	62	59	57	57	51	50	51	56	58	59	57
Avg. precipitation days	12.1	12.3	13.3	12.0	11.8	11.4	10.3	9.9	10.3	11.4	11.5	11.5	137.8
Sunshine hours	220	188	198	192	183	165	198	220	216	223	234	236	2,482
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[43]

Urban structure

Eastern Suburbs Hills District Parramatta Blacktown Greater Western Sydney Hawkesbury Inner West Northern Suburbs Canterbury Bankstown North Shore Northern Beaches South-western Sydney Sutherland Shire Botany Bay St George Macarthur Sydney CBD Bondi Beach Airport See also: Buildings and architecture of Sydney, Heritage homes of Sydney, and Regions of Sydney

Sydney's central business district (CBD) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres (2 mi) from Sydney Cove to the area around Central station. The Sydney CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland, and the west by Darling Harbour, a tourist and nightlife precinct.

Although the CBD dominated the city's business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since World War II. As a result, the proportion of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60 per cent at the end of World War II to less than 30 per cent in 2004.^{[citation needed]}

Sydney's Northern Beaches. The city's metropolitan area is characterised by large areas of urban sprawl, and, on the eastern side, beaches along the Tasman Sea

Together with the commercial district of North Sydney, joined to the CBD by the Harbour Bridge, the most significant outer business districts are Parramatta^[44] in the central-west, Penrith^[45] in the west, Bondi Junction in the east, Liverpool^[46] in the southwest, Chatswood to the north, and Hurstville to the south.

The extensive area covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into 642^[47] suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as 40^[48] local government areas. There is no metropolitan-wide government, but the Government of New South Wales and its agencies have extensive responsibilities in providing metropolitan services.^[49]

The City of Sydney itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and its neighbouring inner-city suburbs. In addition, regional descriptions are used informally to conveniently describe larger sections of the urban area. These include Eastern Suburbs, Hills District, Inner West, Canterbury-Bankstown, Greater Western Sydney, Northern Beaches, Northern Suburbs, North Shore, St George, Southern Sydney, South-western Sydney, Sutherland Shire and Western Sydney. However, many suburbs are not conveniently covered by any of these categories.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Sydney

As the financial and economic hub of Australia, Sydney has grown to become a wealthy and prosperous city, ranking as the second wealthiest city in the world in terms of per capita purchasing power.^{[citation needed]} The largest economic sectors in Sydney, as measured by the number of people employed, include property and business services, retail, manufacturing, and health and community services.^[50] Since the 1980s, jobs have moved from manufacturing to the services and information sectors. Sydney provides approximately 25 percent of the country's total GDP.^[51]

The City of Sydney, viewed from Balmain.

The Australian Securities Exchange and the Reserve Bank of Australia are located in Sydney, as are the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of Australia's top companies, and the regional headquarters for around 500 multinational corporations.^[51] Of the ten largest corporations in Australia by revenue,^[52] four have headquarters in Sydney: Caltex Australia, the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and Woolworths. Of the 54 authorised deposit-taking banks in Australia, 44 are based in Sydney including nine of the 11 foreign subsidiary banks in Australia and all of the 29 local branches of foreign banks. Major authorised foreign banks in Sydney include Citigroup, UBS Australia, Mizuho Corporate Bank, HSBC Bank Australia and Deutsche Bank.

Shopping locations in Sydney include Pitt Street, George Street, King Street, Market Street, and Castlereagh Street, shopping complexes such as the Queen Victoria Building and Westfield Sydney, arcades such as The Strand Arcade and Mid City Centre, and department stores such as Myer and David Jones, all of which are in the shopping district in the city centre, a place to find major international brand name labels. Also in the city centre is Chinatown, which includes Paddys Markets, which is Sydney's city markets, a place for bargain hunting.

Outside the city centre there are number of other shopping destinations of interest. Inner eastern suburbs such as Potts Point, Darlinghurst and Surry Hills provide a diverse range of shops for the culturally creative and alternative lifestyle groups that live there, whilst other inner eastern areas like Paddington and Woollahra are home to boutiques selling more niche products. Inner western suburbs like Newtown and Glebe cater more towards students and alternative lifestyles. Double Bay in Sydney's harbourside eastern suburbs is un upmarket area known for its expensive boutiques. Seaside areas, including Bondi Beach in the eastern beaches area and Manly in the northern beaches area, have a retail scene based upon their beach locations, with many surfing and surfer style clothing shops.

Sydney received 7.8 million domestic visitors and 2.5 million international visitors in 2004.^[53] In 2007, the (then) Premier of New South Wales, Morris Iemma established Events New South Wales to "market Sydney and NSW as a leading global events destination". Fox Studios Australia has large film studios in the city.

As of 2004, the unemployment rate in Sydney was 4.9 percent.^[54] According to The Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide cost of living survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world, while a UBS survey ranks Sydney as 15th in the world in terms of net earnings.^[55] As of September 2009, Sydney has the highest median house price of any Australian capital city at $569,000, and a median unit price of $400,000.^[56] Sydney also has the highest median rent prices of any Australian city at $450 a week.

The Sydney Region accounts for 12 percent (approximately $1 billion per annum) of the total agricultural production, by value, of NSW.^[57] Sydney provides 55% of NSW's flower production and 58% of its turf production, as well as 44% of state's nurseries.^[58] In 1994-1995 Sydney produced 44% of New South Wales' poultry meat and 48% of the state's eggs.^[59]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Sydney

The ten largest overseas born populations[60]
Country of Birth	Population (2006)
United Kingdom	175,166
People's Republic of China	109,142
New Zealand	81,064
Vietnam	62,144
Lebanon	54,502
India	52,975
Philippines	52,087
Italy	44,563
Hong Kong	36,866
South Korea	32,124

Sydney population by year
1800	3,000
1820	12,000
1851	39,000
1871	200,000	(Gold Rush)
1901	500,000
1925	1,000,000
1962	2,000,000
2001	3,366,542
2006	4,119,190
2008	4,399,722
2010	4,504,469
2026	5,487,200	(Projected)[61]
2056	7,649,000	(Projected)[61]

The 2006 census reported 4,119,190 residents in the Sydney Statistical Division,^[62] of which 3,641,422 lived in Sydney's urban area.^[63] Inner Sydney was the most densely populated place in Australia with 4,023 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,420 /sq mi).^[64]

In the 2006 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were Australian, English, Irish, Scottish, and Chinese.^{[citation needed]} The Census also recorded that 1.1% of Sydney's population identified as being of indigenous origin, and 31.7% were born overseas.^[62] Asian Australians made up 16.9% of Sydney's population.^[65] The three major sources of immigrants are the United Kingdom, China and New Zealand, followed by Vietnam, Lebanon, India, Italy, and the Philippines.^[62]

Freedom Arch in Cabramatta, a suburb home to a large proportion of Sydney's Vietnamese population

Most residents are native speakers of English; many have a second language, the most common being Arabic (predominately Lebanese Arabic), Chinese languages (mostly Cantonese and Mandarin), and Greek.^[62] Sydney has the seventh-largest percentage of foreign-born individuals in the world.^[66] Immigrants account for 75% of Sydney's annual population growth.^[67]

The median age of Sydney residents is 34; 12% of the population is over 65 years old.^[54] 15.2% of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree,^[68] In the 2006 census, 64% of the Sydney residents identified themselves as Christians, 14.1% had no religion, 10.4% left the question blank, 3.9% were Muslims, 3.7% were Buddhists, 1.7% were Hindus, 0.9% were Jewish and 0.4 were Bahai.^[60]

Culture

Bahá'í House of Worship, Sydney, Australia. Main article: Culture of Sydney

Sydney hosts many different festivals and some of Australia's largest social and cultural events. These include the Sydney Festival, Australia's largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Biennale of Sydney, established in 1973; the Big Day Out, a travelling rock-music festival which originated in Sydney; the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras along Oxford Street; the Sydney Film Festival and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film Tropfest and Flickerfest.

Australia's premier prize for portraiture, the Archibald Prize is organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The Sydney Royal Easter Show is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park, the final of Australian Idol takes place on the steps of the Opera House, and Australian Fashion Week takes place in April/May and September. Sydney's New Year's Eve and Australia Day celebrations are the largest in Australia.

A survey based on tracking the frequency of words and phrases in the media, cited Sydney as number 9 on a list of the world's top fashion cities in 2009.^[69] The city is the site of the world renowned Rosemount Australian Fashion Week, which occurs biannually, and is home to many of Australia's premier fashion houses. Most international designers have a major presence in Sydney and Australia's Next Top Model is one of the most watched shows on national television.

Entertainment and performing arts

Sydney Opera House

Sydney has a wide variety of cultural institutions. Sydney's iconic Opera House has five halls, including a large concert hall and opera and drama theatres; it is the home of Opera Australia—the third-busiest opera company in the world, and the Sydney Symphony.^[70] Other venues include the Sydney Town Hall, City Recital Hall, the State Theatre, the Theatre Royal, Sydney, the Sydney Theatre and the Wharf Theatre, the Capitol Theatre and the Lyric and Star Theatres, Star City.

The Sydney Conservatorium of Music is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Gardens and serves the Australian music community through music education and biannual Australian Music Examination Board exams. The Sydney Dance Company was under the leadership of Graeme Murphy during the late 20th century. The Sydney Theatre Company has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted playwright David Williamson, classics and international playwrights.

In 2007, New Theatre (Newtown) celebrated 75 years of continuous production in Sydney. Other important theatre companies in Sydney include Company B and Griffin Theatre Company. From the 1940s through to the 1970s the Sydney Push, a group of authors and political activists whose members included Germaine Greer, influenced the city's cultural life.

Giraffes at Sydney’s Taronga Zoo

The National Institute of Dramatic Art, based in Kensington, boasts internationally famous alumni such as Mel Gibson, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Cate Blanchett. Sydney's role in the film industry has increased since the opening of Fox Studios Australia in 1998.

Prominent films which have been filmed in the city include Moulin Rouge!, Mission: Impossible II, Star Wars episodes II and III, Superman Returns, Dark City, Son of the Mask, Stealth, Dil Chahta Hai, Happy Feet, Australia and The Matrix. Films using Sydney as a setting include Finding Nemo, Strictly Ballroom, Muriel's Wedding, Our Lips Are Sealed, and Dirty Deeds. Many Bollywood movies have also been filmed in Sydney including Singh Is Kinng, Bachna Ae Haseeno, Chak De India, Heyy Babyy. As of 2006, over 229 films have been set in, or featured Sydney.^[71]

Sydney's most popular nightspots include Kings Cross, Oxford Street, Darling Harbour, Circular Quay and The Rocks, which all contain various bars, nightclubs and restaurants. Star City Casino, is Sydney's only casino and is situated around Darling Harbour. There are many traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner-city areas such as Newtown, Balmain and Leichhardt. Sydney's main live music hubs include areas such as Newtown and Annandale, which nurtured acts such as AC/DC, Bliss n Eso, Sparkadia, Midnight Oil and INXS. Other popular nightspots tend to be spread throughout the city in areas such as Bondi, Manly, Cronulla and Parramatta.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Sydney See also: List of attractions in Sydney, List of museums in Sydney, and List of markets in Sydney Sydney Harbour Bridge

In the year ending March 2008, Sydney received 2.7 million international visitors.^[72] The most well-known attractions include the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, some 40 beaches and Sydney Tower.^[73]

Sydney also has several popular museums, such as the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum.^[74]

Sport and outdoor activities

The Rugby League State of Origin at ANZ Stadium

Sydney is well-endowed with open spaces and access to waterways, and has many natural areas, even in the city centre. Within the CBD are the Chinese Garden of Friendship, Hyde Park, The Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The metropolitan area contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world and several parks in Sydney's far west which are part of the World Heritage listed Greater Blue Mountains Area.^[75]

See also: Sport in New South Wales

Sport is an important part of Sydney's culture. The most popular sport in Sydney is rugby league. The NSWRFL (today known as the NRL) began in Sydney in the 1908 season and is the largest and most prestigious domestic rugby league competition in the Southern Hemisphere.^[76] The city is home to nine of the sixteen teams currently in the National Rugby League competition: the Canterbury Bulldogs, Cronulla Sharks, Manly Sea Eagles, Penrith Panthers, Parramatta Eels, South Sydney Rabbitohs, St George Illawarra Dragons, Sydney Roosters and Wests Tigers.

Fireworks during the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

Cricket is the most popular summer sport in Sydney. The Ashes Series between Australia and England is widely popular among the people. As the state capital, Sydney is also the home of the NSW Blues cricket team in the Sheffield Shield cricket competition. Sydney Cricket Ground and ANZ Stadium here host cricket matches. This city has also hosted 1992 Cricket World Cup and will also host the 2015 Cricket World Cup. Sydney Cricket Ground is at present the only test venue in the city. Plans are going on to accommodate ANZ Stadium as an international cricket venue for Australia.

Sydney is the only city other than Brisbane to have an elite presence in the 4 major football codes of Australia - rugby league, football (soccer), rugby union and AFL. Association Football is represented by Sydney FC and Sydney Rovers FC in the A-League, whilst the second tier competitions NSWPL and NSW Super League provide many players to the A-League. Sydney also hosts major association football events of the national team, the Socceroos, most notably the World Cup Qualifier against Uruguay in 2005. Rugby Union is represented by the NSW Waratahs in the elite Southern Hemisphere Super 14 competition. The Suburban rugby competition is the Shute Shield which provides many Super 14 players. High profile Wallabies games are held in Sydney such as the Bledisloe Cup, Tri Nations matches, British and Irish Lions games, and most notably the final of the 2003 Rugby World Cup against England.

Sydney also has an Australian Football League (AFL) team called the Sydney Swans; with a second team - GWS (Greater Western Sydney) forming to enter the main AFL league in 2012, a woman's netball team (Swifts), a baseball team (Patriots), a field hockey team (Waratahs), two ice hockey teams (Penrith Bears & Sydney Ice Dogs) and a WNBL team (Sydney Uni Flames). The Sydney Kings will be re-entering the NBL competition at the end of 2010.

The NSW Blues rugby league team contests the annual Rugby League State of Origin series against the Queensland Maroons. Large sporting events such as the NRL Grand Final and Bledisloe Cup games are regularly held at the ANZ Stadium, the main stadium for the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Other events in Sydney include the start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, the Golden Slipper horse race, and the City to Surf race. Prominent sporting venues in Sydney include the Sydney Cricket Ground or SCG, ANZ Stadium, The Sydney Football Stadium, Eastern Creek Raceway, Royal Randwick and Rosehill Gardens Racecourse.

Media

Main article: Media in Sydney

Sydney has two main daily newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald is the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald's competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a News Corporation-owned tabloid. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph, respectively.

Seven Network broadcasting dishes in Epping.

The three commercial television networks (Seven, Nine, Ten), as well as the government national broadcast services (ABC and SBS) are headquartered in Sydney. Also a community television station, TVS, broadcasts in the Sydney area. Historically, the networks have been based in the northern suburbs, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. Nine has kept its headquarters north of the harbour, in Willoughby. Ten has its studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont, and Seven also has headquarters in Pyrmont, production studios at Epping as well as a purpose-built news studio in Martin Place in the CBD.

The ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo and SBS has its studios at Artarmon. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban area.^[77][78]

The five free-to-air networks have provided digital television transmissions in Sydney since January 2000. Additional services recently introduced include the ABC's 2 channels including ABC2 (Channel 22) and ABC 3(channel 23) , SBS's second service SBS TWO (Channel 32), an on-air program guide (Channel 4), a news, sport, and weather items channel (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45), now defunct,^[79] Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts (Channel 401 to 408).

Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney area. The local ABC radio station is 702 ABC Sydney (formerly 2BL).^[80] The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2UE. Popular Music radio stations include Triple M, 2Day FM and Nova 96.9, which generally target people under 40. In the older end of the music radio market, Classic Rock 95.3 and Mix 106.5 target the 25–54 age group, while WS-FM targets the 40–54 age group with their Classic Hits format mostly focusing on the 70s and 80s. Triple J (ABC), 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area.^[81]

On 1 July 2009, DAB+ Digital Radio officially started. ABC and commercial radios provide full programing.^[82]

Government

Sydney's Local Government Areas

Apart from the limited role of the Cumberland County Council from 1945–1964, there has never been an overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan area; instead, the metropolitan area is divided into local government areas (LGAs). These areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the New South Wales State Government, such as planning and garbage collection.

The Sydney Town Hall, seat of the City Council

The City of Sydney includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as South Sydney. It is led by the elected Lord Mayor of Sydney and a council. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city, for example during the Olympics.

Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because a large proportion of the New South Wales population lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both state and federal parliaments. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the New South Wales Parliament at the time.^[83]

The 38 LGAs commonly described as making up Sydney are:^[84]

Ashfield Auburn Bankstown Blacktown Botany Bay Burwood Camden

Campbelltown Canada Bay Canterbury Fairfield The Hills Holroyd Hornsby

Hunter's Hill Hurstville Kogarah Ku-ring-gai Lane Cove Leichhardt Liverpool

Manly Marrickville Mosman North Sydney Parramatta Penrith Pittwater

Randwick Rockdale Ryde Strathfield Sutherland Sydney Warringah

Waverley Willoughby Woollahra

The classification of which councils make up Sydney varies. The Local Government Association of New South Wales considers all LGAs lying entirely in Cumberland County as part of its 'Metro' group, which excludes Camden (classed in its 'Country' group).^[85] The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a Sydney Statistical Division (the population figures of which are used in this article) that includes all of the above councils as well as Wollondilly, the Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury, Gosford and Wyong.^[86]

Education

The University of Sydney, established in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia Main article: Education in Sydney

Sydney is home to some of Australia's most prominent educational institutions.^[87] The University of Sydney, established in 1850, is Australia's oldest university and the largest in Sydney. Other public universities located in Sydney include the University of Technology, Sydney, the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, the University of Western Sydney and the Australian Catholic University (two out of six campuses). Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the University of Notre Dame Australia, the University of Wollongong and Curtin University of Technology.

There are four multi-campus government-funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes in Sydney, which provide vocational training at a tertiary level: the Sydney Institute of Technology, Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE, Western Sydney Institute of TAFE and South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.

Sydney has public, denominational and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training. There are four state-administered education areas in Sydney, that together co-ordinate 919 schools.^{[citation needed]} Of the 30 selective high schools in the state, 25 are in Sydney.^[88]

Infrastructure

Health systems

The Government of New South Wales operates the public hospitals in the Sydney metropolitan region. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities is coordinated by four Area Health Services: Sydney South West (SSWAHS), Sydney West (SWAHS), Northern Sydney and Central Coast (NSCCAHS) and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra (SESIAHS) Area Health Services. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city, many of which are aligned with religious organisations.

Transport

Circular Quay, the main ferry terminal in Sydney Main article: Public transport in Sydney

Most Sydney residents travel by car through the system of roads and motorways. The most important trunk routes in the urban area are the nine Metroads, which include the 110 km (68 mi) Sydney Orbital Network. Sydney is also served by train, taxi, bus and ferry networks.

Sydney trains are run by CityRail, a state-run corporation. Trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the central business district. In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail's performance declined significantly.^[89] In 2005, CityRail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers.^[90] A large infrastructure project, the Clearways project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010.^[91][92][93] In 2007 a report found Cityrail performed poorly compared to many metro services from other world cities.^[94]

An EDI M-set (Millennium) train at Sydney's Central.

Sydney has one privately operated light rail line, Metro Light Rail, running from Central Station to Lilyfield along a former goods train line. The Metro Monorail runs in a loop around the main shopping district and Darling Harbour. Sydney was once served by an extensive tram network, which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s.^[95]

Most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1961 tram routes. In the city and inner suburbs the state-owned Sydney Buses has a monopoly. In the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. Construction of a network of rapid bus transitways in areas not previously well served by public transport began in 1999, and the first of these, the Liverpool–Parramatta Rapid Bus Transitway, opened in February 2003. State government-owned Sydney Ferries runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River.^[96]

Sydney Airport, in the suburb of Mascot, is Sydney's main airport, and is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world.^[97] The smaller Bankstown Airport mainly serves private and general aviation. There is a light aviation airfield at Camden. RAAF Base Richmond lies to the north-west of the city.

Railway Square tram interchange early 1900s

The question of the need for a Second Sydney Airport has raised much controversy. A 2003 study found that Sydney Airport can manage as Sydney's sole international airport for 20 years, with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted.^[98] The resulting expansion of the airport would have a substantial impact on the community, including additional aircraft noise affecting residents. Land has been acquired at Badgerys Creek for a second airport, the site acting as a focal point of political argument.^[99]

Utilities

Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority, which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to Sydney Water and other agencies. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Blue Mountains, Woronora Dam, Warragamba Dam and the Shoalhaven Scheme.^[100] Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the NSW government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Kurnell.^[101] As of May 2009, the plant was 80% completed, and was due to start suppling fresh water to Sydney at the end of the year.^[102] In late January 2010, the NSW government announced that desalination plant was operating and people in different regions were being supplied with desalinated water. There were no complaints or reports about water odour, which people had previously perceived was going to be present. Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewage produced by the city.

Four companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney: Energy Australia, AGL, Integral Energy and Origin Energy. The natural gas supply for the city is sourced from the cooper basin in South Australia. Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services.

See also

• Dictionary of Sydney

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sydney Architecture

^ "World's richest cities by purchasing power". City Mayors. http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html. Retrieved 2010-01-03.

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• Max Dupain's photographic collection Sydney Nostalgia 1937-1980, National Library of Australian, Canberra
• Australian Museum: Aboriginal people of coastal Sydney
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Sydney History · Geography · Demographics · Economy · Transportation ·Culture · Architecture · Tourism · Education

Regions of Sydney Central Business District · Eastern Suburbs · Forest District · Greater Western Sydney · Hills District · Inner West · Canterbury-Bankstown · Macarthur · Northern Beaches · North Shore · Northern Suburbs · Southern Sydney · St George · South-western Sydney Local Government Areas of Sydney Ashfield · Auburn · Bankstown · Blacktown · Botany Bay · Burwood · Camden · Campbelltown · Canada Bay · Canterbury · Fairfield · The Hills · Holroyd · Hornsby · Hunter's Hill · Hurstville · Kogarah · Ku-ring-gai · Lane Cove · Leichhardt · Liverpool · Manly · Marrickville · Mosman · North Sydney · Parramatta · Penrith · Pittwater · Randwick · Rockdale · Ryde · Strathfield · Sutherland · City of Sydney · Warringah · Waverley · Willoughby · Woollahra · Wollondilly List of Sydney suburbs

Sydney landmarks Buildings and structures Convention and Exhibition Centre · Finger Wharf · Hyde Park Barracks · Queen Victoria Building · Observatory · Mint · Opera House · Harbour Bridge · Sydney Tower · Town Hall · War Memorial · The Toaster · Government House · Kirribilli House · Parliament House · World Square · World Tower · General Post Office (No. 1 Martin Place) · Warragamba Dam · Chifley Tower · Citigroup Centre · Deutsche Bank Place · Governor Phillip Tower · Park Plaza Apartments (Sydney) · St Mary's Cathedral · Cadman's Cottage · The Abbey · Highroyd · St Andrew's Cathedral Precincts Chinatown · Darling Harbour · Kings Cross · Martin Place · The Rocks · Green Square · Railway Square Nature and parks Bicentennial Park · Centennial Park · Chinese Garden of Friendship · The Domain · Hyde Park · Royal Botanic Gardens · Sydney Park · Moore Park · Ku-ring-gai Chase · Sydney Harbour National Park · Blue Mountains National Park · Royal National Park Cultural institutions Art Gallery of New South Wales · Australian Museum · Australian National Maritime Museum · Museum of Contemporary Art · Museum of Sydney · Powerhouse Museum · Sydney Aquarium · Taronga Zoo · State Library · Conservatorium of Music Sport Sydney Football Stadium · Sydney Cricket Ground · Olympic Park · ANZ Stadium · Eastern Creek Raceway · Royal Randwick · Rosehill Gardens Racecourse Transportation Central Station · Monorail · Sydney Airport · Underground Railway · New Northern Sydney Underground Railway · Circular Quay · ANZAC Bridge · George St · Oxford St · Pitt St · William St · Macquarie St · Broadway · Norton St Entertainment Entertainment Centre · Star City Casino · Fox Studios Australia · Entertainment Quarter · State Theatre · Capitol Theatre · Lyric Theatre · Star Theatre · Plaza Theatre · Luna Park · Acer Arena Beaches and islands Bondi · Manly · Palm Beach · Avalon · Newport · Coogee · Maroubra · Cronulla · Fort Denison · Cockatoo Island · Garden Island · Goat Island · Shark Island

Theatre in Sydney Major Venues Sydney Opera House · Capitol Theatre · State Theatre · Theatre Royal · The Wharf Theatre · Glen Street Theatre · New Theatre · Lyric Theatre · Star Theatre · Sydney Theatre Major Companies Sydney Theatre Company · Company B · Griffin Theatre Company · Ensemble Theatre Former Theatres Criterion Theatre · Her Majesty's Theatre · Plaza Theatre · Regent Theatre

Sydney Based Sporting Teams Competing in National Competitions Soccer A-League / NYL: Sydney FC W-League: Sydney FC Australian Football AFL: Sydney Swans Baseball Claxton Shield: New South Wales Patriots Basketball NBL: Sydney Kings WNBL: Sydney Uni Flames Cricket Sheffield Shield / Ford Ranger Cup / KFC Big Bash: New South Wales Blues WNCL: New South Wales Breakers Field Hockey AHL: New South Wales Waratahs (Men) · New South Wales Arrows (Women) Ice Hockey AIHL: Sydney Bears · Sydney Ice Dogs Netball ANZ Championship: New South Wales Swifts Rugby League NRL / NYC: Canterbury Bulldogs · Cronulla Sharks · Manly Sea Eagles · Parramatta Eels · Penrith Panthers · St. George Illawarra Dragons · South Sydney Rabbitohs · Sydney Roosters · Wests Tigers Rugby Union Super 14: New South Wales Waratahs Main Article: Sport in New South Wales

Capital cities of Australia National and ACT Canberra NSW Sydney NT Darwin Qld Brisbane SA Adelaide TAS Hobart VIC Melbourne WA Perth List of cities in Australia

Cities of Australia Australian Capital Territory Canberra (national capital) New South Wales Albury · Armidale · Bathurst · Blue Mountains · Broken Hill · Cessnock · Coffs Harbour · Dubbo · Gosford · Goulburn · Grafton · Griffith · Lake Macquarie · Lismore · Lithgow · Maitland · Newcastle · Nowra · Orange · Queanbeyan · Sydney · Tamworth · Wagga Wagga · Wollongong Northern Territory Darwin · Palmerston Queensland Brisbane · Bundaberg · Cairns · Caloundra · Charters Towers · Gladstone · Gold Coast · Hervey Bay · Ipswich · Logan · Mackay · Maryborough · Mount Isa · Redcliffe · Rockhampton · Toowoomba · Townsville South Australia Adelaide · Mount Gambier · Murray Bridge · Port Augusta · Port Lincoln · Port Pirie · Victor Harbor · Whyalla Tasmania Burnie · Devonport · Hobart · Launceston Victoria Bairnsdale · Ballarat · Bendigo · Geelong · Hamilton · Horsham · Latrobe Valley · Melbourne · Mildura · Portland · Sale · Shepparton · Wangaratta · Warrnambool · Wodonga Western Australia Albany · Bunbury · Geraldton · Kalgoorlie · Mandurah · Perth

Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896: Athens • 1900: Paris • 1904: St. Louis • 1908: London • 1912: Stockholm • 1920: Antwerp • 1924: Paris • 1928: Amsterdam • 1932: Los Angeles • 1936: Berlin • 1948: London • 1952: Helsinki • 1956: Melbourne • 1960: Rome • 1964: Tokyo • 1968: Mexico City • 1972: Munich • 1976: Montreal • 1980: Moscow • 1984: Los Angeles • 1988: Seoul • 1992: Barcelona • 1996: Atlanta • 2000: Sydney • 2004: Athens • 2008: Beijing • 2012: London • 2016: Rio de Janeiro

Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960: Rome • 1964: Tokyo • 1968: Tel Aviv • 1972: Heidelberg • 1976: Toronto • 1980: Arnhem • 1984: Stoke Mandeville/New York • 1988: Seoul • 1992: Barcelona • 1996: Atlanta • 2000: Sydney • 2004: Athens • 2008: Beijing • 2012: London • 2016: Rio de Janeiro

Commonwealth Games host cities 1930: Hamilton • 1934: London • 1938: Sydney • 1950: Auckland • 1954: Vancouver • 1958: Cardiff • 1962: Perth • 1966: Kingston • 1970: Edinburgh • 1974: Christchurch • 1978: Edmonton • 1982: Brisbane • 1986: Edinburgh • 1990: Auckland • 1994: Victoria • 1998: Kuala Lumpur • 2002: Manchester • 2006: Melbourne • 2010: Delhi • 2014: Glasgow • 2018: TBA

Categories: Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games | Summer Paralympic Games | Host cities of the Commonwealth Games | Sydney | Australian capital cities | Cities in New South Wales | Coastal cities in Australia | Metropolitan areas of Australia | Port cities in Australia | Populated places established in 1788

 

 

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