Detroit (pronounced /dɨˈtrɔɪt/^[4]) is the largest city List of the top 50 municipalities in Michigan ordered by 2008 population estimate. Source: United States Census, 2000, with 2008 population estimates in the U.S. state A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is of Michigan Michigan is the eighth most populous state in the United States. It has the longest freshwater shoreline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. In 2005, Michigan ranked third among US states for the number of registered recreational boats, behind California and Florida and the seat A county seat is a term for an administrative center for a county or civil parish, primarily used in the United States. In the Northeast United States, the statutory term often is shire town, but colloquially county seat is the term in use there. Parts of the Canadian Maritimes also use the term shire town. In England, Wales and Ireland, the term of Wayne County Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,061,162 with the July 1, 2008 estimate placing the population at 1,949,929 making it the 13th most-populous county in the United States. The county seat is Detroit, the largest city in Michigan. The County executive is Bob Ficano. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River The Detroit River is a 32 mile long strait in the Great Lakes system. The name comes from the French Rivière du Détroit, which translates literally as River of the Strait. The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The river travels south from Lake St. Clair to Lake, in the Midwest region The Midwestern United States is one of the four geographic regions within the United States of America used by the United States Census Bureau in its reporting of the United States. Located north of Windsor, Ontario Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and is located in Southwestern Ontario at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City – Windsor Corridor. It is within Essex County, although administratively separated from the county government. Windsor is located south of Detroit, is separated from that city by the Detroit River, and has, Detroit is the only major ^[5] U.S. city that looks south to Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the Frenchman To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion . According to its principles, France has devoted herself the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (1658-1730) was a French explorer and adventurer in New France, now an area of North America stretching from Eastern Canada in the north to Louisiana in the south. Rising from a modest beginning in Acadia in 1683 as a turn filibuster, explorer, trapper, and a trader of alcohol and furs, he achieved. Its name originates from the French word détroit (pronounced: [detʁwa] ( listen)) for strait A strait or straits is a narrow, navigable channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water. It most commonly refers to a channel of water that lies between two land masses, but it may also refer to a navigable channel through a body of water that is otherwise not navigable, for example because it is too shallow, or because it,^[6] in reference to its location on the river connecting the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater seas located in eastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron , Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface and volume. The total surface is 208,610 km2 (80,545 sq mi), and the total volume.

Known as the world's traditional automotive An automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the center,^[7] "Detroit" is a metonym Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance, "Washington", as the capital of the United States, could be used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for its government, "Capitol for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown Motown is a record company founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation in Detroit, Michigan, USA, on April 14, 1960. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, is also a nickname for Detroit. Now headquartered in New York City, Motown is a subsidiary of Universal Motown Republic Group, itself a subsidiary of Universal.^[8][9] Other nicknames emerged in the twentieth century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,^[10] Arsenal of Democracy "The Arsenal of Democracy" was a slogan coined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Dec. 1940 promising to help the British and Russians fight the Germans by giving them military supplies while staying out of the actual fighting. It was announced in a radio broadcast on December 29, 1940, a year into World War II and a year before being (during World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·),^[11] The D, D-Town, Hockeytown Hockeytown is a nickname for the city of Detroit, Michigan, which arose in 1996 thanks to a marketing campaign by the city's NHL franchise, the Detroit Red Wings. The nickname, over time, has gained national and international recognition. The "Hockeytown Cafe" in Detroit commemorates the nickname. The Red Wings organization did research (a trademark owned by the city's NHL The National Hockey League , often abbreviated to the NHL, is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which six are located in Canada and twenty-four in the United States. Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is widely considered to be the premier club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss Kiss is an American hard rock band formed in New York City in January 1973. Easily identified by its members' face paint and flamboyant stage outfits, the group rose to prominence in the mid to late 1970s on the basis of their elaborate live performances, which featured fire breathing, blood spitting, smoking guitars, and pyrotechnics. Kiss has song "Detroit Rock City "Detroit Rock City" is a song by the American hard rock group Kiss featured on their 1976 album, Destroyer. The song was written by Paul Stanley and Bob Ezrin and is about a real Kiss fan who was killed in a car accident on his way to a Kiss concert. The song, recorded and released as a single in 1976, was the third single from Kiss's"), and The 3-1-3 Area code 313 is the telephone area code serving the city of Detroit, Michigan, and the city's innermost enclave cities , including Dearborn, Redford and Grosse Pointe. Until December 1, 1993, it served the entire Metro Detroit region plus nearby Flint and the southern part of Michigan's "Thumb", but explosive demand for new phone (its telephone area code).^[12][13]

In 2009, Detroit ranked as the United States' eleventh most populous city The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places in the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an "incorporated place" includes a variety of designations, including a city, town, village, borough, and municipality.[a] Some census-designated places may also be included in the Census Bureau's listing, with 910,920 residents.^[14] At its peak in 1950, the city was the fourth-largest in the USA, but has since seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs.

The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is the metropolitan area located in Southeast Michigan centered on the city of Detroit. As the home of the "Big Three" American automakers , it is the world's traditional automotive center and a key pillar of the U.S. economy area, a sprawling region with a population of 4,403,437 for the Metropolitan Statistical Area In the United States, a metropolitan area refers to a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. Such regions are not legally incorporated as a city or town would be, nor are they legal administrative divisions like counties or states. As such the precise definition of any,^[15] making it the nation's eleventh-largest In the United States, a metropolitan area refers to a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. Such regions are not legally incorporated as a city or town would be, nor are they legal administrative divisions like counties or states. As such the precise definition of any, and a population of 5,327,764 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area The United States Office of Management and Budget defines micropolitan and metropolitan statistical areas. Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas consist of one or more counties (or county-equivalents). Currently defined metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas are based on application of the 2000 standards (which appeared in the as of the 2009 Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census. It also gathers other national demographic and economic data. As part of the United States Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau serves as a leading source of data about America's people and economy estimates.^[2] The Detroit-Windsor The Detroit–Windsor region is an international urban area centered on the American city of Detroit, Michigan, the Canadian city of Windsor, Ontario and the Detroit River between them. The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. It is North America's second- area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.^[16]

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Neighborhoods 4 Culture and contemporary life 4.1 Entertainment and performing arts 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Sports 4.4 Media 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Law and government 7.1 Politics 7.2 Crime 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 Primary and secondary schools 8.2.1 Public schools 8.2.2 Private schools 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Health systems 9.2 Transportation 9.2.1 Air 9.2.2 Mass transit 9.2.3 Freeways 9.3 Surrounding municipalities 10 Sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce 14.2 Visitor's Guide 14.3 Historical research and current events

History

Main article: History of Detroit The city of Detroit, Michigan developed from a small French fort and missionary outpost founded in 1701 to one of the largest American cities in the early 20th century. Based on its auto industry, Detroit's economy expanded following World War II with a post war economic prosperity. A population shift to the suburbs began in the 1950s and

The city name comes from the Detroit River The Detroit River is a 32 mile long strait in the Great Lakes system. The name comes from the French Rivière du Détroit, which translates literally as River of the Strait. The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The river travels south from Lake St. Clair to Lake (French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in: le détroit du Lac Érié), meaning the strait of Lake Erie, linking Lake Huron Lake Huron is one of the five traditional Great Lakes of North America. Geologically, it comprises the larger portion of Lake Michigan-Huron. It is bounded on the east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the west by the state of Michigan in the United States. The name of the lake is derived from early French explorers who named it based on and Lake Erie Lake Erie (French: Lac Érié) is the fourth largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. It is bounded on the north by the Canadian; in the historical context, the strait included Lake St. Clair Lake St. Clair is a fresh-water lake that lies between the Province of Ontario and the State of Michigan, and its midline also forms the boundary between Canada and the United States of America. This lake is situated about 6.0 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario. With about 430 square miles (1,100 km2) of water area, and the St. Clair River The St. Clair River is a river in central North America which drains Lake Huron into Lake St Clair, forming part of the International Boundary between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is also a significant component in the Great Lakes Waterway with shipping channels permitting cargo vessels to travel.^[17] Traveling up the Detroit River on the ship Le Griffon Le Griffon was a sailing ship built by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in his quest to find the Northwest Passage to China and Japan. The ship was constructed and launched on Cayuga Creek on the Niagara River as a seven-cannon, 45-ton barque. La Salle and Father Louis Hennepin set out on the Le Griffon's maiden voyage on August 7, 1679 (owned by Cavelier de La Salle René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France), Father Louis Hennepin Father Louis Hennepin, O.F.M. baptized Antoine, was a Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Recollect order (French: Récollets) and an explorer of the interior of North America noted the north bank of the river as an ideal location for a settlement.

There, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (1658-1730) was a French explorer and adventurer in New France, now an area of North America stretching from Eastern Canada in the north to Louisiana in the south. Rising from a modest beginning in Acadia in 1683 as a turn filibuster, explorer, trapper, and a trader of alcohol and furs, he achieved, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians French Canadian refers to a nation or ethnic group of French descent that originated in Canada, New France during the period of French colonization beginning in the 17th century. They constituted the main French-speaking population of Canada, founded a settlement called Fort Ponchartrain du Détroit Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Détroit was a fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701. The location of the former fort is now in the city of Detroit in the U.S. state of Michigan, an area bounded by Larned Street, Griswold Street, and the Civic Center, naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV Louis XIV , known as the Sun King[why?] (French: le Roi Soleil), was King of France and of Navarre. His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch. France offered free land to attract families to Detroit, which grew to 800 people in 1765, the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans.^[18]

François Marie Picoté, sieur de Belestre (Montreal Montreal (French: Montréal; pronounced [mɔ̃ʁeˈal] in French, i / 1719–1793) was the last French military commander at Fort Detroit (1758–1760), surrendering the fort on November 29, 1760 to the British. The region's fur trade was an important economic activity. Detroit's city flag reflects this French heritage. (See Flag of Detroit, Michigan The flag of the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan was adopted in 1948. It was designed in 1907 by David E. Heineman).^[19]

During the French and Indian War (1760), British The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801. It was created by the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, under the Acts of Union 1707, to create a single kingdom encompassing the whole of the island of Great troops gained control and shortened the name to Detroit. Several tribes led by Chief Pontiac Pontiac or Obwandiyag , was the Ottawa tribe leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British and Iroquois victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war, an Ottawa The Odawa or Ottawa, said to mean "traders," are a Native American and First Nations people. They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe nation. Their original homelands are located on Manitoulin Island, near the northern shores of Lake Huron, on the Bruce Peninsula in present day province of Ontario and in leader, launched Pontiac's Rebellion Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War . Warriors from numerous tribes (1763), including a siege of Fort Detroit. Partially in response to this, the British Royal Proclamation of 1763 included restrictions on white settlement in unceded Indian territories. Detroit passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty (1796). In 1805, fire destroyed most of the settlement. A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.^[20]

The City of Detroit (from Canada Shore), 1872, by A. C. Warren

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. As the city expanded, the street layout plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward, Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory was followed. Detroit fell to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit, was recaptured by the United States in 1813 and incorporated as a city in 1815.^[19]

Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.^[21] Then a Lieutenant, the future president Ulysses S. Grant was stationed in the city. His dwelling is still at the Michigan State Fairgrounds. Because of this local sentiment, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade) which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at Gettysburg in 1863. Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying Thank God for Michigan! Following the death of President Abraham Lincoln, George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy to the thousands gathered near Campus Martius Park. Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the American Civil War and called them the Wolverines.^[22]

Corner of Michigan and Griswold, circa 1920

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, many of the city's Gilded Age mansions and buildings arose. Detroit was referred to as the Paris of the West for its architecture, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison.^[19] Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a transportation hub. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue.

In 1904 Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, Packard, and Walter Chrysler—reinforced Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital; it also served to encourage truck manufacturers such as Rapid and Grabowsky.^[19]

With the introduction of Prohibition, smugglers used the river as a major conduit for Canadian spirits, organized in large part by the notorious Purple Gang.^[23] Strained racial relations were evident in the 1920s trial of Dr. Ossian Sweet, a black Detroit physician acquitted of murder. A man died when shots were fired from Ossian's house into a threatening mob who gathered to try to force him out of a predominantly white neighborhood.^[24]

Cadillac Motor Co..(c.1910) Cass Ave. at Amsterdam St. Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument of the Civil War with the old Detroit City Hall.

Labor strife climaxed in the 1930s when the United Auto Workers became involved in bitter disputes with Detroit's auto manufacturers. The labor activism of those years brought notoriety to union leaders such as Jimmy Hoffa and Walter Reuther. The 1940s saw the construction of the world's first urban depressed freeway, the Davison^[25] and the industrial growth during World War II that led to Detroit's nickname as the Arsenal of Democracy.^[26]

Industry spurred growth during the first half of the twentieth century as the city drew tens of thousands of new residents, particularly workers from the Southern United States, to become the nation's fourth largest. At the same time, tens of thousands of European immigrants poured into the city. Social tensions rose with the rapid pace of growth. The color blind promotion policies of the auto plants resulted in racial tension that erupted into a full-scale riot in 1943.^[27]

Consolidation during the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased competition for jobs. An extensive freeway system constructed in the 1950s and 1960s had facilitated commuting. The Twelfth Street riot in 1967, as well as court-ordered busing accelerated white flight from the city. Commensurate with the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs, the city's tax base eroded. In the years following, Detroit's population fell from a peak of roughly 1.8 million in 1950 to about half that number today.^[19]

The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 impacted the U.S. auto industry as small cars from foreign makers made inroads. Heroin and crack cocaine use afflicted the city with the influence of Butch Jones, Maserati Rick, and the Chambers Brothers. Renaissance has been a perennial buzzword among city leaders, reinforced by the construction of the Renaissance Center in the late 1970s. This complex of skyscrapers, designed as a city within a city, slowed but was unable to reverse the trend of businesses leaving Downtown Detroit until the 1990s.^[19]

In 1980, Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention which nominated Ronald Reagan to a successful bid for President of the United States. By then, nearly three decades of crime, drug addiction, and inadequate policies had caused areas like the Elmhurst block to decay.^[28] During the 1980s, abandoned structures were demolished to reduce havens for drug dealers with sizable tracts of land reverted to a form of urban prairie.^[29]

In the 1990s, the city began to receive a revival with much of it centered in the Downtown, Midtown, and New Center areas. Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1993) arose on the city skyline. In the ensuing years, three casinos opened in Detroit: MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Greektown Casino which debuted as resorts in 2007-08. New downtown stadiums were constructed for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions in 2000 and 2002, respectively; this put the Lions' home stadium in the city proper for the first time since 1974.The city also saw the historic Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel reopen for the first time in over 20 years.^[30] The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game, 2006 Super Bowl XL, 2006 World Series, WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009 all of which prompted many improvements to the downtown area.

The city's riverfront is the focus of much development following the example of Windsor, Ontario which began its waterfront parkland conversion in the 1990s; in 2007, the first portions of the Detroit River Walk were laid, including miles of parks and fountains. This new urban development in Detroit is a mainstay in the city's plan to enhance its economy through tourism.^[31] Along the river, developers are constructing upscale condominiums such as Watermark Detroit. Some city limit signs, particularly on the Dearborn border say "Welcome to Detroit, The Renaissance City Founded 1701."^[13][30]

Geography

The Detroit skyline as viewed from Malden Park in Windsor, Ontario

Topography

A simulated-color satellite image of the Detroit metro area, including Windsor across the river, taken on NASA's Landsat 7 satellite.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 143.0 square miles (370 km²); of this, 138.8 square miles (359 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km²) is water. Detroit is the principal city of the Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan regions.

The highest elevation in the city is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit, west of Palmer Park, sitting at a height of 670 feet (200 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along its riverfront, sitting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). Detroit completely encircles the cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park. On its northeast border are the communities of Grosse Pointe.

A view of the city from Belle Isle Park.

The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, radial avenues from a Washington, D.C.-inspired system, and true north–south roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the U.S.-Canadian border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.

Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city sits atop a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.^[32][33]

Climate

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night sometimes dropping below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) around 6 times per year, while summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 12 days. Brisk winds can intensify already-cold conditions during winter and high dew points can exacerbate summer heat. Precipitation, though significant in winter, is greatest during the summer months. Snowfall, which typically occurs from November to early April, averages 43.3 inches (110 cm) per season.^[34] The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (40.6 °C) on July 24, 1934, while the lowest recorded temperature was −21 °F (−29.4 °C) on January 21, 1984.^[35]

Climate data for Detroit
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	67 (19.4)	70 (21.1)	82 (27.8)	89 (31.7)	95 (35)	104 (40)	105 (40.6)	104 (40)	100 (37.8)	92 (33.3)	81 (27.2)	69 (20.6)	105 (40.6)
Average high °F (°C)	31.1 (-0.5)	34.4 (1.33)	45.2 (7.33)	57.8 (14.33)	70.2 (21.22)	79.0 (26.11)	83.4 (28.56)	81.4 (27.44)	73.7 (23.17)	61.2 (16.22)	47.8 (8.78)	35.9 (2.17)	58.4 (14.67)
Average low °F (°C)	17.8 (-7.89)	20.0 (-6.67)	28.5 (-1.94)	38.4 (3.56)	49.4 (9.67)	58.9 (14.94)	63.6 (17.56)	62.2 (16.78)	54.1 (12.28)	42.5 (5.83)	33.5 (0.83)	23.4 (-4.78)	41.0 (5)
Record low °F (°C)	−21 (-29.4)	−20 (-28.9)	−4 (-20)	8 (-13.3)	26 (-3.3)	36 (2.2)	42 (5.6)	38 (3.3)	29 (-1.7)	17 (-8.3)	0 (-17.8)	−11 (-23.9)	−21 (-29.4)
Precipitation inches (mm)	1.91 (48.5)	1.88 (47.8)	2.52 (64)	3.05 (77.5)	3.05 (77.5)	3.55 (90.2)	3.16 (80.3)	3.10 (78.7)	3.27 (83.1)	2.23 (56.6)	2.66 (67.6)	2.51 (63.8)	32.89 (835.4)
Snowfall inches (cm)	11.3 (28.7)	9.2 (23.4)	6.8 (17.3)	1.7 (4.3)	0	0	0	0	0	.3 (0.8)	2.9 (7.4)	11.1 (28.2)	43.3 (110)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	13.4	11.3	12.7	12.6	11.6	10.1	9.6	9.5	9.9	9.8	12.3	13.9	136.7
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	10.9	7.9	5.5	2.1	0	0	0	0	0	.3	3.5	9.0	39.2
Sunshine hours	120.9	138.4	186.0	216.0	275.9	303.0	316.2	282.1	228.0	176.7	105.0	86.8	2,435
Source #1: NOAA (normals 1971-2000, records 1874-2009) [34][35]
Source #2: HKO [36]

Cityscape

Detroit International Riverfront

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit Cadillac Place (1923) left, with the Fisher Building (1928) are among the city's National Historic Landmarks. Wayne County Building (1897) downtown by John and Arthur Scott.

Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern neogothic spires of the Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city’s Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are the nation's largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.^[37][38]

While the downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward.

Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the architecture of the times with wood frame and brick houses in the working class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in middle class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Boston-Edison, and others.

St. Joseph Catholic Church (1873) is a notable example of Detroit's ecclesial architecture.

The oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and East Jefferson corridors, while neighborhoods built in the 1950s are found in the far west and closer to 8 Mile Road. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include Corktown, a working class, formerly Irish neighborhood, and Brush Park. Both are now seeing multi-million dollar restorations and construction of new homes and condominiums.^[30][39]

Detroit Financial District viewed from the International Riverfront.

Many of the city's architecturally significant buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places and the city has one of the nation's largest surviving collections of late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings.^[38] There are a number of architecturally significant churches, including St. Joseph Catholic Church, St. Mary Catholic Church, and Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church.^[37]

There is substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation and architecture.^[40] A number of downtown redevelopment projects—of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city. Grand Circus Park stands near the city's theater district, Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers.^[37]

The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three and one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain, with their pedestrian parks, will spur more residential development. Other major parks include Palmer (north of Highland Park), River Rouge (in the southwest side), and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).^[41]

Neighborhoods

Further information: Neighborhoods in Detroit, Urban development in Detroit, and Public housing in Detroit Historic homes in the Indian Village neighborhood on the east side.

Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown, Midtown, and New Center areas feature many historic buildings and are high density, while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,^[42] the city suffers from severe vacancy issues, for which a number of solutions have been proposed.

The National Register of Historic Places lists several area neighborhoods and districts such as Lafayette Park, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighorhood on the city's east side.^[43] The 78-acre (32 ha) urban renewal project was originally called the Gratiot Park Development. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.^[43]

Eastern Market.

On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market.^[44] The Midtown and the New Center area are centered around Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers;^[45] for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.^[45]

The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit is near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College which anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, Green Acres, and the University District. In 2007, Downtown Detroit was named 18th (out of 35) best neighborhood in which to retire among the nation's 30 largest metro areas by CNN Money Magazine editors.^[46]

Detroit has numerous neighborhoods suffering from urban decay, consisting of vacant properties. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.^[42] The 2009 residential lot vacancy in Detroit was 27.8%, up from 10.3% in 2000, with the population continuing to shrink and foreclosures that exacerbate the problem. An estimated 20 to 30 percent of lots are vacant.^[47] A 2009 parcel survey found 33,527 or 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied, but recommended that only one percent or 3,480 of the city's housing units be demolished.^[47] The city states it costs about $10,000 to demolish one vacant house, which takes many legal steps.^[48] In 2010, the city began using federal funds on its quest to demolish 10,000 empty residential structures. About 3,000 of these of the residential structures will be torn down in 2010.^[49] A number of solutions have been proposed for dealing with the shrinkage, including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to agricultural use, though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.^[50][51] In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.^[51] The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North-End, and Osborn.^[51] Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.^[52][53]

Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.^[54] Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.^[55]

Culture and contemporary life

New Center summer events with Cadillac Place in the background.

Downtown Detroit is growing in its population of young professionals and retail is expanding.^[56][56][57] A number of luxury high rises have been built. The east river development plans include more luxury condominium developments. A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted young professionals to take up residence among the mansions of Grosse Pointe just outside the city.^[58] Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.^[59]

Entertainment and performing arts

Main articles: Culture of Detroit, Music of Detroit, Theatre in Detroit, and Detroit celebrities Fox Theatre lights up 'Foxtown' in downtown Detroit

Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname Motown. The metropolitan area has two nationally prominent live music venues: DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Theatre District is the nation's second largest.^[60][61] Major theaters include the Fox Theatre, Music Hall, the Gem Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, the Fisher Theatre and Orchestra Hall which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander Family and continues to operate to this day.^[13]

Movie studios are planned for the metro area. Motown Motion Picture Studios with 600,000 square feet will produce movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.^[62]

Important music events in the city include: the Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.^[13]

The city of Detroit has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to a number of different genres over the decades leading into the new millennium.^[13]

In the 1940s, blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta Blues to northern cities like Detroit. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.^[63] Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.^[64][65]

MGM Grand Detroit.

Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas and Marvin Gaye. The Motown Sound played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown Sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown Label.^[13]

During the 1960-70s, popular rock bands performed regularly at venues such as the Grande Ballroom and the Eastown Theater. Local artists and bands rose to prominence including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.^[66]

In 1990s and the new millenium, the city has produced a number of influential artists, for example Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales. Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music.^[19][67] Prominent Detroit Techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker.^[13][66] The city has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.^[13]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in metropolitan Detroit Detroit Institute of Arts

Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory. Important history of Detroit and the surrounding area is exhibited at The Henry Ford, the nation's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.^[68][69] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.^[70] Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo and the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle.^[37]

Greektown in Detroit.

The city's Greektown and casino resorts serve as an entertainment hub. Annual summer events include the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, Detroit International Jazz Festival, and Woodward Dream Cruise. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events such as the Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.^[71] The Motown Winter Blast, and the summer River Days, a five-day festival on the International Riverfront, leading up to the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks can draw super sized-crowds of hundreds of thousands to over three million people.^[13][72][73]

Dotty-Wotty House - a part of the Heidelberg Project.

An important civic sculpture in Detroit is Marshall Fredericks' "Spirit of Detroit" at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.^[74] A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a twenty-four foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.^[75]

Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the Heidelberg Project in the mid 1980s, using found objects including cars, clothing and shoes found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Street on the near East Side of Detroit.^[13]

Sports

Looking towards Ford Field the night of Super Bowl XL. Further information: Sports in Detroit and U.S. cities with teams from four major sports

Detroit is one of 13 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown".^[13]

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

Sailboat racing is a major sport in the Detroit area. Lake Saint Clair is home to many yacht clubs which host regattas. Bayview Yacht Club, the Detroit Yacht Club, Crescent Sail Yacht Club, Grosse Pointe Yacht Club, The Windsor Yacht Club, and the Edison Boat Club each participate in and are governed by the Detroit Regional Yacht-Racing Association or DRYA. Detroit is home to many One-Design fleets including, but not limited to, North American 40s, Cal 25s, Cuthbertson and Cassian 35s, Crescent Sailboats, Express 27s, J 120s, J 105, Flying Scots, and many more.

The Crescent Sailboat, NA-40, and the L boat were designed and built exclusively in Detroit. Detroit also has a very active and competitive junior sailing program. The junior sailing program at the Grosse Pointe Yacht Club is renowned for producing world class sailors such as Carrie Howe and Jack Wheeler.

Comerica Park 2007

Since 1916, the city has been home to an Unlimited hydroplane boat race, held annually (with exceptions) on the Detroit River near Belle Isle. Often, the race is for the APBA Challenge Cup, more commonly known as the Gold Cup (first awarded in 1904, created by Tiffany) which is the oldest active motorsport trophy in the world.^[76]

Detroit is the former home of a round of the Formula One World Championship, which organized the race on the streets of downtown Detroit from 1982 until 1988, after which the sanction moved from Formula One to IndyCars until its final run in 2001.^[77] In 2007, open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing.^[78]

In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all 3 major professional sports championships in a 7 month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October, 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December, 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April, 1936).^[10] Gar Wood (a native Detroiter) won the Harmsworth Trophy for unlimited powerboat racing on the Detroit River in 1931. In the next year, 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan, a black student from Detroit's Cass Technical High School, won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Also, in 1935 the Detroit Lions won the NFL championship. The Detroit Tigers have won ten American League pennants (The most recent being in 2006) and four World Series titles. In 1984, the Detroit Tigers' World Series championship, after which crowds had left three dead and millions of dollars in property damage. The Detroit Red Wings have won 11 Stanley Cups (the most by an American NHL Franchise),^[79][80] the Detroit Pistons have won three NBA titles, and the Detroit Shock have won three WNBA titles. In 2007, Detroit was given the nickname "Sports City USA" in recognition of its numerous sports teams with good game statistics and the high amount of dedicated sports fans.^[81]

Detroit has the distinction of being the city which has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games: seven unsuccessful bids for the 1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 games. It came as high as second place in the balloting two times, losing the 1964 games to Tokyo and the 1968 games to Mexico City.

Detroit hosts many WWE events such as the 2007 WWE's WrestleMania 23 which attracted 80,103 fans to Ford Field; the event marking the twentieth anniversary of WrestleMania III which drew a reported 93,173 to the Pontiac Silverdome in nearby Pontiac, Michigan in 1987.

On May 31 and June 1 of 2008, The Red Bull Air Race took place along the Detroit River.

Media

Main article: Media in Detroit

The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.^[82] In December, 2008, the Detroit Media Partnership announced that the two papers would reduce home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.^[83] These changes went into effect in March, 2009. Founded in 1980, the Metro Times is the city's alternative news weekly, covering news, arts & entertainment.^[84]

The Detroit television market is the eleventh largest in the United States;^[85] according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.^[85]

Detroit has the eleventh largest radio market in the United States,^[86] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.^[86]

Economy

Main article: Economy of metropolitan Detroit The Renaissance Center is the world headquarters of General Motors. Labor force distribution in Detroit by category: Construction Manufacturing Trade, transportation, utilities Information Finance Professional and business services Education and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Government

Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a major manufacturing center, most notably as home to the Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. The city is an important center for global trade with large international law firms having their offices in both Detroit and Windsor. About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising 21% of the City's employment.^[87][88]

There are about four thousand factories in the area.^[89] The domestic auto industry is primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. New vehicle production, sales, and jobs related to automobile use account for one of every ten jobs in the United States.^[90] The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Windsor-Detroit region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the City of Detroit's international border crossing.^[91]

The Detroit area is accustomed to the economic cycles of the auto industry.^[92] A rise in automated manufacturing using robotic technology has created related industries in the area; inexpensive labor in other parts of the world and increased competition have led to a steady transformation of certain types of manufacturing jobs in the region with the Detroit area gaining new lithium ion battery plants.^[93][94][95] Local complications for the city include higher taxes than the nearby suburbs, with many unable to afford the levies on property.^[96] In addition to property taxes, residents must pay an income tax rate of 2.50%.^[97] In January 2010, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate rose to 15.3%.^[98] Since 2009, the area's total employment contracted 1.7%.^[99] An Investor's Business Daily editorial stated the unemployment rate at 50%; however, this is not the city's official unemployment rate which the Labor Department reported at 24.3% for December 2009.^[99][100]

The city has cleared large swaths of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment;^[101] though the city has struggled with finances, it issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.^[51] In 2006, downtown Detroit reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.^[30] In decade leading up to 2006, downtown Detroit gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.^[88]

Comerica Tower overlooks the city's financial district.

The Detroit automakers and local manufacturing have taken heavy hits as a result of market competition from foreign rivals. The 2000s energy crisis, the subsequent Late-2000s recession, and the increasingly unwieldy burden of employee retirement and healthcare costs have all been implicated.^[102][103] Concern among analysts over restored profits has fueled economic uncertainty in the metro Detroit area.^[104]

In January 2009, President Barack Obama formed an automotive task force in order to help the industry recover. The severity of the recession required Detroit's automakers to take additional steps to restructure, including idling many plants. With the U.S. Treasury extending the necessary debtor in possession financing, Chrysler and GM emerged from 'pre-packaged' Chapter 11 reorganizations in June and July 2009 respectively.^[105]

GM plans to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.^[106] General Motors has invested heavily in all fuel cell equipped vehicles,^[107] while Chrysler is focusing much of its research and development into biodiesel.^[108] In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries.^[109]

Firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. The city of Detroit has made efforts to lure the region's growth companies downtown with advantages such as a wireless Internet zone, business tax incentives, entertainment, an international riverfront, and residential high rises. Thus far, the city has had some success, most notably the addition of Compuware World Headquarters, OnStar, regional offices of HP Enterprise Services at Tower 500 of the Renaissance Center, PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices adjacent to Ford Field, and the 2006 completion of Ernst & Young's offices at One Kennedy Square.

Compuware World Headquarters viewed from Bagley Memorial Fountain on Cadillac Square.

On November 12, 2007, Quicken Loans announced its development agreement with the city to move its world headquarters, and 4,000 employees, to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices, a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.^[110] The construction sites reserved for development by the agreement include the location of the former Statler on Grand Circus Park and the former Hudson's location.^[110] Some Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Detroit include General Motors, auto parts maker American Axle & Manufacturing, and DTE Energy.^[111] Other major industries include advertising, law, finance, chemicals, and computer software. Medical service providers such as the Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Hospital are major employers in the city.^[13]

Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest city in the United States to offer casino resorts. Caesars Windsor, Canada's largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Greektown Casino in Detroit. Though the casinos have brought new tax revenue and jobs to the city, the city still has high unemployment. Gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth largest gambling market in the USA for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroit's gambling market ranks third or fourth. In an effort to support spending within the city, certain business owners set up "mints" to distribute the Detroit Community Scrip. The scrip is used at local clubs and bars to ensure some dollars stay within the city by establishing a note that is only legal tender at certain places.

Demographics

See also: Demographic profile of Detroit Per Capita Income by location. Dotted line represents city boundary.

In 2009, Detroit ranked as the United States' eleventh most populous city, with 910,920 residents.^[14] The name Detroit sometimes refers to Metro Detroit, a six-county area with a population of 4,403,437 for the Metropolitan Statistical Area,^[15] making it the nation's eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,327,764 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2009 Census Bureau estimates.^[2] The Detroit-Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.^[16] Immigration continues to play a role in the region's projected growth.^[112]

Historical populations
Census	City[113]	Metro[114]	Region[115]
1820	1,422	N/A	N/A
1830	2,222	N/A	N/A
1840	9,102	N/A	N/A
1850	21,019	N/A	N/A
1860	45,619	N/A	N/A
1870	79,577	N/A	N/A
1880	116,340	N/A	N/A
1890	205,877	N/A	N/A
1900	285,704	542,452	664,771
1910	465,766	725,064	867,250
1920	993,678	1,426,704	1,639,006
1930	1,568,662	2,325,739	2,655,395
1940	1,623,452	2,544,287	2,911,681
1950	1,849,568	3,219,256	3,700,490
1960	1,670,144	4,012,607	4,660,480
1970	1,514,063	4,490,902	5,289,766
1980	1,203,368	4,387,783	5,203,269
1990	1,027,974	4,266,654	5,095,695
2000	951,270	4,441,551	5,357,538
2009*	910,920	4,403,437	5,327,764
*Estimates [14][2] Metro: Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Region: Combined Statistical Area (CSA)

Detroit had 33.8% of its residents below the poverty level in 2007, the highest among large U.S. cities.^[116][117] This stands in stark contrast to Metro Detroit suburbs, which are among the more affluent in the U.S.^[118]

The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the twentieth century, fed largely by an influx of European, Lebanese and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry.^[119] However, since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. Large numbers of migrants from the South, especially blacks, arrived in Detroit after 1900 as factory production increased rapidly. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home;^[120] in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit.^[121] The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.^[122]

The city population dropped from its peak in 1950 with a population of 1,849,568 to 910,920 in 2009. This is partly attributable to the construction of an extensive freeway system during the 1950s and white flight, while many residents have relocated to the Sun belt.^[123] In the 2000s, 70% of the total black population in Metro Detroit lived in the City of Detroit.^[124]

As of the 2000 Census, there were 951,270 people, 336,428 households, and 218,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,855.1 people per square mile (2,646.7/km²). There were 375,096 housing units at an average density of 2,703.0 units per square mile (1,043.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.6% Black, 12.3% White, 1.0% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.5% other races, 2.3% two or more races, and 5.0 percent Hispanic (mostly Puerto Rican and Mexican). The city's foreign-born population is at 4.8%. Estimates from the 2006-2008 American Community Survey showed little variance.^[125]

There were 336,428 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families, 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45.

There is a wide age distribution in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

For the 2000 Census, median household income in the city was $29,526, and the median income for a family was $33,853. Males had a median income of $33,381 versus $26,749 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,717. 26.1% of the population and 21.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.5% of those under the age of 18 and 18.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

A 2007 Social Compact report showed the city of Detroit's median household income at $34,512, a 12% increase over the Census estimate.^[126] The 2008 Census estimate placed the median household income $28,730, a 2.7% increase from 2000.

Law and government

Further information: Government of Detroit and List of mayors of Detroit Coleman A. Young Municipal Center houses the City of Detroit offices. The historic Guardian Building is Wayne County headquarters.

The city government is run by a mayor and nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections (so that there are Detroit elections scheduled in 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, etc.).^[127] Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.^[128]

Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

Politics

Politically, the city consistently supports the Democratic Party in state and national elections (local elections are nonpartisan). According to a study released by the Bay Area Center for Voting Research, Detroit is the most liberal large city in America,^[129] measuring only the percentage of city residents who voted for the Democratic Party.^[130]

In 2000, the City requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations.^[131] The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.^[132]

Urban development in Detroit has been an important issue. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many whites.^[133] Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown.^[134]

Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick resigned his office effective September 19, 2008,^[135] after pleading guilty to two counts of obstruction of justice and no contest to one count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer.^[136][137] Kilpatrick was succeeded in office on an interim basis by City Council President Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. until a May, 2009 special election in which businessman and former Detroit Pistons star Dave Bing was elected Mayor for the remaining duration of Kilpatrick's term. Bing has since been re-elected to his first full term of office, and is Detroit's current mayor.

Crime

Main article: Crime in Detroit

Although crime has declined significantly since the 1970s, the violent crime rate is one of the highest in the nation, while the chances are roughly 1 in 16 to be a victim of a property crime.^[138] The city had the sixth highest number of violent crimes among the twenty-five largest US cities in 2007.^[139] The rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, though Wayne County Prosecutor questions the finding.^[140] The decline follows a national trend, while Police Commissioner William Dwyer implicates stepped up police initiatives for the drop.^[141] Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1000 for property crimes and 5 per 1000 for violent crime in 2008) ^[138]

The city's downtown is far safer by comparison with a 2006 study showing crime in downtown Detroit to be much lower than national, state and metro averages.^[142] According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note that about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related.^[143]

Education

Colleges and universities

See also: Colleges and universities in Metro Detroit Old Main, a historic building at Wayne State University.

Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning, including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area. Other institutions in the city include the University of Detroit Mercy with its schools of Law and Dentistry, the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009 the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine will be opening a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The Detroit College of Law, now affiliated with Michigan State University, was founded in the city in 1891 and remained there until 1997, when it relocated to East Lansing. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan–Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Detroit Public Library.

With 94,054 students^[144] the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan and consists of 220 schools. The city is also served by various charter schools.

In the mid- to late 1990s, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new eleven-member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.^[145] Due to declining enrollment the city planned to close 95 schools, and the state mandated deficit reduction plan calls for the closure of a total of 110 schools.^[146][147] State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.^[148][149]

Private schools

Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit.^[150] The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the city, along with those in the metro area, but Catholic education has contracted from its earlier base in the city and emigrated to the suburbs.^[151] There are 23 Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Detroit.^[152] Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus^[153] and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.^[154]

Infrastructure

Health systems

St. John Hospital & Medical Center in Detroit.

Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute.^[155] The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit.^[156] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the nation's fourth largest medical school overall.^[157] On March 19, 2010, Vanguard Health Systems announced plans to invest nearly $1.5 B in Detroit Medical Center, including $850 M for expansion and renovation, and $417 M to retire debts, pending approval of its acquisition.^[158][159] In 2010, Henry Ford Health System in the New Center also announced a $500 M expansion in Detroit with plans for a biomedical research center.^[160] The metro area has many other hospitals, among which are William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center, mostly in suburban counties.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in metropolitan Detroit

With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.^[161]

Air

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the area's principal airport, is located in nearby Romulus and is a primary hub for Delta Air Lines and a secondary hub for Spirit Airlines. Bishop International Airport (FNT) in Flint, Michigan is the second busiest commercial airport in the region. Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side. Although Southwest Airlines once flew from the airport, the airport now maintains only charter service and general aviation.^[162] Willow Run Airport, in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.

Mass transit

People Mover train comes into the Renaissance Center station

Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. Ridership on the region's mass transit systems increased by 8.4% in 2006.^[163] The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) provides service to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.^[164] It is also possible for those who cross to Detroit on the tunnel bus to use a Transit Windsor transfer for transfers onto Detroit Smart buses, allowing for travel around Metro Detroit from a single fare.

An elevated rail system known as the People Mover, completed in 1987, provides daily service around a 2.9 miles (4.7 km) loop downtown. The Woodward Avenue Light Rail, beginning in 2013, will serve as a link between the Detroit People Mover and SEMCOG Commuter Rail which extends from Detroit's New Center area to The Henry Ford, Dearborn, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Ypsilanti, and Ann Arbor^[165][166] Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its Wolverine service between Chicago and Pontiac. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however, up to two suitcases in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases, purses, laptop bags, and infant equipment are allowed on board as carry-ons. The Amtrak station is located in the New Center area north of downtown. The J.W. Westcott II, which delivers mail to lake freighters on the Detroit River, is the world's only floating post office.^[167]

Freeways

Main article: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit

Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free expressway system administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 and Interstate 96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (The Chrysler and Fisher Freeways) is the region's main north-south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit-Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.

I-94 (The Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east-west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. I-96 runs northwest-southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne Counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.

I-275 runs north-south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 (The Chrysler Spur) is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (The Reuther Freeway) runs east-west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan State highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.

Surrounding municipalities

	Novi, Farmington Hills, Southfield	Troy, Royal Oak, Ferndale, Oak Park	Mount Clemens/Warren Area, Eastpointe, Lake St. Clair
	Redford, Livonia, Plymouth, Ann Arbor		Belle Isle Park, Grosse Pointe, Lake St. Clair
		Detroit, Michigan[168][169]
	Dearborn, Romulus (DTW), Taylor, Downriver Area	Detroit River, Windsor, Ontario	Detroit River, Windsor, Ontario

The cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park both lie entirely within the boundaries of the city of Detroit.

Sister cities

Detroit has seven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: ^[170]

• Toyota, Japan^[171]
• Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Turin, Italy^[172]
• Kitwe, Zambia
• Minsk, Belarus
• Nassau, Bahamas
• Chongqing, China

Detroit has a long and very close relationship with nearby:

• Windsor, Ontario

See also

	Metro Detroit portal
	Michigan portal

• Cycling in Detroit
• Detroit in literature
• Northern Cities Shift
• Saginaw Trail
• Images of Detroit
• Images of Metro Detroit
• List of films set in Detroit
• List of people from Detroit
• List of songs about Detroit
• List of tallest buildings in Detroit

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139. ^ FBI UCR table 6. Retrieved on January 17, 2009.
140. ^ "Detroit crime drops". Michigan Live LLC.. http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2009/09/kym_worthy_on_reported_detroit.html. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
141. ^ "Violent crime declines in Detroit area". Detroit Free Press. http://www.freep.com/article/20090915/NEWS05/909150395/1001/NEWS/Violent-crime-declines-in-Detroit-area--FBI-report-says. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
142. ^ Booza, Jason C. (July 26, 2006).Reality v. Perceptions: An Updated Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit. Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, Wayne State University Center for Urban Studies. Retrieved on January 21, 2008.
143. ^ Shelton, Steve Malik (January 30, 2008).Top cop urges vigilance against crime. Michigan Chronicle. Retrieved on March 17, 2008.
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145. ^ LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board. WXYZ.com.
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150. ^ Kozlowski, Kim (February 27, 2005). Catholic schools fight to keep doors open. The Detroit News.
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152. ^ http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Schools+4679/SchoolLocator.asp?SchoolLocatorPageType=High Schools
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Further reading

• Bak, Richard (2001). Detroit Across 3 Centuries. Thompson Gale. ISBN 1585360015.
• Burton, Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701–1710. Detroit Society for Genealogical Research. ISBN 0-943112-21-4.
• Burton, Clarence M (1912). Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time. Burton Abstracts. OCLC 926958.
• Catlin, George B. (1923). The Story of Detroit. The Detroit News Association.
• Chafets, Zev (1990). Devil's Night: And Other True Tales of Detroit. Random House. ISBN 0-394-58525-9.
• Dunnigan, Brian Leigh (2001). Frontier Metropolis, Picturing Early Detroit, 1701-1838. Great Lakes Books. ISBN 0-814-32767-2.
• Farley, Reynolds, et al. (2002). Detroit Divided. Russell Sage Foundation Publications. ISBN 0-87154-281-1.
• Farmer, Silas (1889). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan. Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998). ISBN 1-55888-991-4.
• Gavrilovich, Peter and Bill McGraw (2000). The Detroit Almanac. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 0-937247-34-0.
• Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
• Meyer, Katherine Mattingly and Martin C.P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A. (1980). Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1651-4.
• Parkman, Francis (1994). The Conspiracy of Pontiac. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8737-2.
• Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2435-2.
• Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," Historic Towns of the Western States (New York).
• Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
• Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow (2005). Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Regents of the University of Michigan. ISBN 0933691092.
• Stahl, Kenneth (2009). The Great Rebellion: A Socio-economic Analysis of the 1967 Detroit Riot. ISBN 978-0-9799157-0-3.
• Sugrue, Thomas J (1998). The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05888-1.
• Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.

External links

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• City of Detroit official website
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Visitor's Guide

• Detroit travel guide from Wikitravel

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• Detroit Entertainment District
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• Experience Detroit
• Virtual Motor City Collection at Wayne State University Library, contains over 30,000 images of Detroit from 1890–1980

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